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US Open women's singles champions
LocationQueens – New York City
United States
VenueUSTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center
Governing bodyUSTA
Created1887; 138 years ago (1887)
Editions138 events (2024)
57 events (Open Era)
SurfaceGrass (1887–1974)
Clay (1975–1977)
Hard (1978–present)
Prize moneyTotal: US$60,102,000 (2022)
Winner: US$2,600,000 (2022)
TrophyUS Open Trophy
WebsiteOfficial website
Most titles
Amateur era8: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory
Open era6: Chris Evert
6: Serena Williams
Most consecutive titles
Amateur era4: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory
4: Helen Jacobs
Open era4: Chris Evert
Current champion
Aryna Sabalenka

The US Open women's singles championship is an annual tennis event that has been held since 1887 as part of the US Open[a][b] tournament. The tournament is played on outdoor hard courts[c] at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows – Corona Park, New York City.[6][1]

The US Open is played during a two-week period in late August and early September and has been chronologically the last of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis year since 1987.[3] The Philadelphia Cricket Club (1887–1920) and Forest Hills (1921–1977) hosted the event before it settled in 1978 at its current site.[2] The United States Tennis Association is the national body that organizes this event.

The champion receives a full-size replica of the event's trophy engraved with her name.[7] In 2022, the winner received prize money of US$2,600,000.

History

[edit]

The format of the women's singles event has undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1888 through 1918, the event started with a knockout phase, the All-Comers singles, whose winner faced the defending champion in a challenge round.[8] The All-Comers winner was awarded the title by default six times (1893, 1899, 1900, 1905, 1906 and 1907) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1919 edition.[9] Since 1887, all matches have been played as the best-of-three sets, except in the eleven-year period from 1891 until 1901, when the challenge round was scored the best-of-five-sets.[9] From 1894 until 1901 the women were required to play best-of-five sets in both the all-comers final and the challenge round.[10]

Format

[edit]

Since 1887, the winner of the next game at five-games–all took the set in every match except the All-Comers final and the challenge round, which was won by the player who had won at least six games and at least two games more than his opponent. This advantage format was introduced for the final sets of early rounds, for women starting in 1887, and used for all sets in final rounds from 1887 through 1969.[11] The tie-break system was introduced in 1970 for all sets, in its best-of-nine points sudden death version until 1974, and in its best-of-12 points lingering death version since 1975.[11][4][12] The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to have a third set tie-break, which has occurred twice in women's singles finals in 1981 and in 1985.[3]

Surface

[edit]

The court surface changed twice, from grass (1887–1974), to Har-Tru clay (1975–1977), to hard courts since 1978.[13] No women's tennis player won the event on all three surfaces, and no women's tennis player won it on both grass and clay. Chris Evert was the only one to win the event on clay and on hard court, thereby making her the only woman to win on two different surfaces at the event.

Finals

[edit]
Key
Regular competition
All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ?
Defending champion, Challenge round winner ?
All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ?

U.S. National Championships

[edit]
A woman in all white attire is hitting a forehand with the tennis racket in the right hand, which it is a black and white photograph
Elisabeth Moore is a four-time champion
A woman in all white attire is hitting a backhand with the tennis racket in the right hand, which it is a black and white photograph
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman is a four-time champion
A brown-haired woman is wearing all white clothing, and is hitting a tennis shot.
Molla Bjurstedt Mallory's eight US singles championships is the all–time record among both men and women.
A woman looking away from the camera with a tennis racket in her right hand and a colored sweater on and all white clothing, which this picture is a black and white
Helen Wills Moody is a seven-time champion
Maureen Connolly Brinker was a three-time champion
Margaret Court
Margaret Court is a five time champion
Year[d] Country Champion Country Runner–up Score[14]
1887 USA Ellen Hansell USA Laura Knight 6–1, 6–0
1888 USA Bertha Townsend ? USA Ellen Hansell 6–3, 6–5
1889 USA Bertha Townsend ? (2) USA Lida Voorhees 7–5, 6–2
1890 USA Ellen Roosevelt ? USA Bertha Townsend 6–2, 6–2
1891 BRI Mabel Cahill ? USA Ellen Roosevelt 6–4, 6–1, 4–6, 6–3
1892 BRI Mabel Cahill ? (2) USA Elisabeth Moore 5–7, 6–3, 6–4, 4–6, 6–2
1893 USA Aline Terry ? USA Augusta Schultz 6–1, 6–3
1894 USA Helen Hellwig ? USA Aline Terry 7–5, 3–6, 6–0, 3–6, 6–3
1895 USA Juliette Atkinson ? USA Helen Hellwig 6–4, 6–2, 6–1
1896 USA Elisabeth Moore ? USA Juliette Atkinson 6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2
1897 USA Juliette Atkinson ? (2) USA Elisabeth Moore 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 3–6, 6–3
1898 USA Juliette Atkinson ? (3) USA Marion Jones 6–3, 5–7, 6–4, 2–6, 7–5
1899 USA Marion Jones ? USA Maud Banks 6–1, 6–1, 7–5
1900 USA Myrtle McAteer ? USA Edith Parker 6–2, 6–2, 6–0
1901 USA Elisabeth Moore ? (2) USA Myrtle McAteer 6–4, 3–6, 7–5, 2–6, 6–2
1902 USA Marion Jones ? (2) USA Elisabeth Moore 6–1, 1–0, retired
1903 USA Elisabeth Moore ? (3) USA Marion Jones 7–5, 8–6
1904 USA May Sutton ? USA Elisabeth Moore 6–1, 6–2
1905 USA Elisabeth Moore ? (4) USA Helen Homans 6–4, 5–7, 6–1
1906 USA Helen Homans ? USA Maud Barger-Wallach 6–4, 6–3
1907 USA Evelyn Sears ? USA Carrie Neely 6–3, 6–2
1908 USA Maud Barger-Wallach ? USA Evelyn Sears 6–3, 1–6, 6–3
1909 USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ? USA Maud Barger-Wallach 6–0, 6–1
1910 USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ? (2) USA Louise Hammond Raymond 6–4, 6–2
1911 USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ? (3) USA Florence Sutton 8–10, 6–1, 9–7
1912 USA Mary Browne ? USA Eleonora Sears 6–4, 6–2
1913 USA Mary Browne ? (2) USA Dorothy Green 6–2, 7–5
1914 USA Mary Browne ? (3) USA Marie Wagner 6–2, 1–6, 6–1
1915 NOR Molla Bjurstedt ? USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 4–6, 6–2, 6–0
1916 NOR Molla Bjurstedt ? (2) USA Louise Hammond Raymond 6–0, 6–1
1917[e] NOR Molla Bjurstedt ? (3) USA Marion Vanderhoef 4–6, 6–0, 6–2
1918 NOR Molla Bjurstedt ? (4) USA Eleanor Goss 6–4, 6–3
1919 USA Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (4) USA Marion Zinderstein 6–1, 6–2
1920 USA Molla Mallory (5) USA Marion Zinderstein 6–3, 6–1
1921 USA Molla Mallory (6) USA Mary Browne 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1922 USA Molla Mallory (7) USA Helen Wills 6–3, 6–1
1923 USA Helen Wills USA Molla Mallory 6–2, 6–1
1924 USA Helen Wills (2) USA Molla Mallory 6–1, 6–3
1925 USA Helen Wills (3) GBR Kitty McKane Godfree 3–6, 6–0, 6–2
1926 USA Molla Mallory (8) USA Elizabeth Ryan 4–6, 6–4, 9–7
1927 USA Helen Wills (4) GBR Betty Nuthall 6–1, 6–4
1928 USA Helen Wills (5) USA Helen Jacobs 6–2, 6–1
1929 USA Helen Wills (6) GBR Phoebe Holcroft Watson 6–4, 6–2
1930 GBR Betty Nuthall USA Anna McCune Harper 6–1, 6–4
1931 USA Helen Wills Moody (7) GBR Eileen Bennett 6–4, 6–1
1932 USA Helen Jacobs USA Carolin Babcock 6–2, 6–2
1933 USA Helen Jacobs (2) USA Helen Wills Moody 8–6, 3–6, 3–0, retired
1934 USA Helen Jacobs (3) USA Sarah Palfrey Cooke 6–1, 6–4
1935 USA Helen Jacobs (4) USA Sarah Palfrey Cooke 6–2, 6–4
1936 USA Alice Marble USA Helen Jacobs 4–6, 6–3, 6–2
1937 CHI Anita Lizana POL Jadwiga J?drzejowska 6–4, 6–2
1938 USA Alice Marble (2) AUS Nancye Wynne Bolton 6–0, 6–3
1939 USA Alice Marble (3) USA Helen Jacobs 6–0, 8–10, 6–4
1940 USA Alice Marble (4) USA Helen Jacobs 6–2, 6–3
1941 USA Sarah Palfrey Cooke USA Pauline Betz 7–5, 6–2
1942 USA Pauline Betz USA Louise Brough 4–6, 6–1, 6–4
1943 USA Pauline Betz (2) USA Louise Brough 6–3, 5–7, 6–3
1944 USA Pauline Betz (3) USA Margaret Osborne 6–3, 8–6
1945 USA Sarah Palfrey Cooke (2) USA Pauline Betz 3–6, 8–6, 6–4
1946 USA Pauline Betz (4) USA Doris Hart 11–9, 6–3
1947 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret Osborne 8–6, 4–6, 6–1
1948 USA Margaret Osborne USA Louise Brough 4–6, 6–4, 15–13
1949 USA Margaret Osborne (2) USA Doris Hart 6–3, 6–1
1950 USA Margaret Osborne (3) USA Doris Hart 6–4, 6–3
1951 USA Maureen Connolly USA Shirley Fry 6–3, 1–6, 6–4
1952 USA Maureen Connolly (2) USA Doris Hart 6–3, 7–5
1953 USA Maureen Connolly (3) USA Doris Hart 6–2, 6–4
1954 USA Doris Hart USA Louise Brough 6–8, 6–1, 8–6
1955 USA Doris Hart (2) GBR Patricia Ward Hales 6–4, 6–2
1956 USA Shirley Fry USA Althea Gibson 6–3, 6–4
1957 USA Althea Gibson USA Louise Brough 6–3, 6–2
1958 USA Althea Gibson (2) USA Darlene Hard 3–6, 6–1, 6–2
1959 BRA Maria Bueno GBR Christine Truman 6–1, 6–4
1960  USA Darlene Hard BRA Maria Bueno 6–4, 10–12, 6–4
1961  USA Darlene Hard (2) GBR Ann Haydon 6–3, 6–4
1962 AUS Margaret Smith  USA Darlene Hard 9–7, 6–4
1963 BRA Maria Bueno (2) AUS Margaret Smith 7–5, 6–4
1964 BRA Maria Bueno (3)  USA Carole Caldwell Graebner 6–1, 6–0
1965 AUS Margaret Smith (2)  USA Billie Jean Moffitt 8–6, 7–5
1966 BRA Maria Bueno (4)  USA Nancy Richey 6–3, 6–1
1967  USA Billie Jean King GBR Ann Haydon Jones 11–9, 6–4

US Open

[edit]
A brown haired women in a black jacket and white shirt
Billie Jean King is a four-time champion overall and a three-time champion in the open era, and won three in four-year timespan
A blonde-haired female tennis player with multi-colored shorts and a black shirt, with the tennis racket out in front of her
American Chris Evert won an Open Era record four consecutive titles at the US Open between 1975 and 1978, and a record six overall (shared with Serena Williams) with victories in 1980 and 1982.
A blond-haired women wearing a white shirt
Steffi Graf is a five-time champion.
An African American woman in all white clothing, shirt, bandanna, and skirt, is starting the serve of a tennis ball
Serena Williams is a six-time champion, winning these over a fifteen-year period. She shares the Open Era titles record with Chris Evert.
Year[d] Country Champion Country Runner-up Score[14]
1968 GBR Virginia Wade  USA Billie Jean King 6–4, 6–2
1969 AUS Margaret Court (3)  USA Nancy Richey 6–2, 6–2
1970 AUS Margaret Court (4)  USA Rosemary Casals 6–2, 2–6, 6–1
1971  USA Billie Jean King (2)  USA Rosemary Casals 6–4, 7–6(5–2)
1972  USA Billie Jean King (3) AUS Kerry Melville 6–3, 7–5
1973 AUS Margaret Court (5) AUS Evonne Goolagong 7–6(5–2), 5–7, 6–2
1974  USA Billie Jean King (4) AUS Evonne Goolagong 3–6, 6–3, 7–5
1975  USA Chris Evert AUS Evonne Goolagong 5–7, 6–4, 6–2
1976  USA Chris Evert (2) AUS Evonne Goolagong 6–3, 6–0
1977  USA Chris Evert (3) AUS Wendy Turnbull 7–6(7–3), 6–2
1978  USA Chris Evert (4)  USA Pam Shriver 7–5, 6–4
1979  USA Tracy Austin  USA Chris Evert 6–4, 6–3
1980  USA Chris Evert (5) TCH[f] Hana Mandlíková 5–7, 6–1, 6–1
1981  USA Tracy Austin (2)  USA Martina Navratilova[g] 1–6, 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–1)
1982  USA Chris Evert (6) TCH Hana Mandlíková 6–3, 6–1
1983  USA Martina Navratilova  USA Chris Evert 6–1, 6–3
1984  USA Martina Navratilova (2)  USA Chris Evert 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
1985 TCH[f] Hana Mandlíková  USA Martina Navratilova 7–6(7–3), 1–6, 7–6(7–2)
1986  USA Martina Navratilova (3) TCH Helena Suková 6–3, 6–2
1987  USA Martina Navratilova (4) FRG Steffi Graf 7–6(7–4), 6–1
1988 FRG[h] Steffi Graf ARG Gabriela Sabatini 6–3, 3–6, 6–1
1989 FRG[h] Steffi Graf (2)  USA Martina Navratilova 3–6, 7–5, 6–1
1990 ARG Gabriela Sabatini FRG Steffi Graf 6–2, 7–6(7–4)
1991 YUG Monica Seles  USA Martina Navratilova 7–6(7–1), 6–1
1992 YUG[i] Monica Seles (2) ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6–3, 6–3
1993 GER Steffi Graf (3) CZE Helena Suková 6–3, 6–3
1994 ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario GER Steffi Graf 1–6, 7–6(7–3), 6–4
1995 GER Steffi Graf (4)  USA Monica Seles 7–6(8–6), 0–6, 6–3
1996 GER Steffi Graf (5)  USA Monica Seles 7–5, 6–4
1997  SUI Martina Hingis  USA Venus Williams 6–0, 6–4
1998  USA Lindsay Davenport  SUI Martina Hingis 6–3, 7–5
1999  USA Serena Williams  SUI Martina Hingis 6–3, 7–6(7–4)
2000  USA Venus Williams  USA Lindsay Davenport 6–4, 7–5
2001  USA Venus Williams (2)  USA Serena Williams 6–2, 6–4
2002  USA Serena Williams (2)  USA Venus Williams 6–4, 6–3
2003 BEL Justine Henin BEL Kim Clijsters 7–5, 6–1
2004 RUS Svetlana Kuznetsova RUS Elena Dementieva 6–3, 7–5
2005 BEL Kim Clijsters FRA Mary Pierce 6–3, 6–1
2006 RUS Maria Sharapova BEL Justine Henin 6–4, 6–4
2007 BEL Justine Henin (2) RUS Svetlana Kuznetsova 6–1, 6–3
2008  USA Serena Williams (3) SRB Jelena Jankovi? 6–4, 7–5
2009 BEL Kim Clijsters (2) DEN Caroline Wozniacki 7–5, 6–3
2010 BEL Kim Clijsters (3) RUS Vera Zvonareva 6–2, 6–1
2011 AUS Samantha Stosur  USA Serena Williams 6–2, 6–3
2012  USA Serena Williams (4) BLR Victoria Azarenka 6–2, 2–6, 7–5
2013  USA Serena Williams (5) BLR Victoria Azarenka 7–5, 6–7(6–8), 6–1
2014  USA Serena Williams (6) DEN Caroline Wozniacki 6–3, 6–3
2015 ITA Flavia Pennetta ITA Roberta Vinci 7–6(7–4), 6–2
2016 GER Angelique Kerber CZE Karolína Plí?ková 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
2017  USA Sloane Stephens  USA Madison Keys 6–3, 6–0
2018 JPN Naomi Osaka  USA Serena Williams 6–2, 6–4
2019 CAN Bianca Andreescu  USA Serena Williams 6–3, 7–5
2020 JPN Naomi Osaka (2) BLR Victoria Azarenka 1–6, 6–3, 6–3
2021 GBR Emma Raducanu CAN Leylah Fernandez 6–4, 6–3
2022 POL Iga ?wi?tek TUN Ons Jabeur 6–2, 7–6(7–5)
2023 USA Coco Gauff [j] Aryna Sabalenka 2–6, 6–3, 6–2
2024 [j] Aryna Sabalenka USA Jessica Pegula 7–5, 7–5

Statistics

[edit]

In the U.S. National Championships, under the challenge round format, Elisabeth Moore (1896, 1901, 1903, 1905) holds the record for most singles titles with four and Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (1909–1911) holds the record for most consecutive women's singles titles at three. With four consecutive singles titles each, Molla Bjurstedt Mallory (1915–1918) and Helen Jacobs (1932–1935) hold the record for most consecutive women's singles titles won after the challenge round format was abolished. Bjurstedt Mallory's eight singles titles (1915–1918, 1920–1922, 1926) is the all-time record.[3]

During the US Open, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Chris Evert (1975–1978) holds the record for most consecutive women's singles titles at four and the record for most overall titles at six (1975–1978, 1980, 1982) with Serena Williams (1999, 2002, 2008, 2012–2014).[3]

This event has been won without losing a set during the open era by Margaret Court in 1969, Billie Jean King in 1971 and 1972, Evert in 1976, 1977 and 1978, Martina Navratilova in 1983 and 1987, Monica Seles in 1992, Steffi Graf in 1996, Martina Hingis in 1997, Lindsay Davenport in 1998, Venus Williams in 2001, Serena Williams in 2002, 2008 and 2014, Justine Henin in 2007 and Emma Raducanu in 2021.

Multiple champions

[edit]
Title defended in the challenge round
Player Amateur Era Open Era All-time Years
  Molla Bjurstedt Mallory (USA) (NOR) 8 0 8 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1926
 Helen Wills Moody (USA) 7 0 7 1923, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1931
 Chris Evert (USA) 0 6 6 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982
 Serena Williams (USA) 0 6 6 1999, 2002, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014
 Margaret Court (AUS) 2 3 5 1962, 1965, 1969, 1970, 1973
 Steffi Graf (GER)[h] 0 5 5 1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996
 Elisabeth Moore (USA) 4 0 4 1896, 1901, 1903, 1905
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (USA) 4 0 4 1909, 1910, 1911, 1919
 Helen Jacobs (USA) 4 0 4 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935
 Alice Marble (USA) 4 0 4 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940
 Pauline Betz (USA) 4 0 4 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946
 Maria Bueno (BRA) 4 0 4 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966
 Billie Jean King (USA) 1 3 4 1967, 1971, 1972, 1974
 Martina Navratilova (USA)[g] 0 4 4 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987
 Juliette Atkinson (USA) 3 0 3 1895, 1897, 1898
 Mary Browne (USA) 3 0 3 1912, 1913, 1914
 Margaret Osborne duPont (USA) 3 0 3 1948, 1949, 1950
 Maureen Connolly (USA) 3 0 3 1951, 1952, 1953
 Kim Clijsters (BEL) 0 3 3 2005, 2009, 2010
 Bertha Townsend (USA) 2 0 2 1888, 1889
 Mabel Cahill (GBR) 2 0 2 1891, 1892
 Marion Jones (USA) 2 0 2 1899, 1902
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke (USA) 2 0 2 1941, 1945
 Doris Hart (USA) 2 0 2 1954, 1955
 Althea Gibson (USA) 2 0 2 1957, 1958
 Darlene Hard (USA) 2 0 2 1960, 1961
 Tracy Austin (USA) 0 2 2 1979, 1981
  Monica Seles (SCG) (YUG) 0 2 2 1991, 1992
 Venus Williams (USA) 0 2 2 2000, 2001
 Justine Henin (BEL) 0 2 2 2003, 2007
 Naomi Osaka (JPN) 0 2 2 2018, 2020

Champions by country

[edit]
Country Amateur Era Open Era All-time First title Last title
United States 67 26 93 1887 2023
Australia 2 4 6 1962 2011
Germany[h] 0 6 6 1988 2016
Belgium 0 5 5 2003 2010
Great Britain[k] 3 2 5 1891 2021
Brazil 4 0 4 1959 1966
Norway 4 0 4 1915 1918
Yugoslavia
FR Yugoslavia[i]
0 2 2 1991 1991
Russia 0 2 2 2004 2006
Japan 0 2 2 2018 2020
Argentina 0 1 1 1990 1990
Italy 0 1 1 2015 2015
Canada 0 1 1 2019 2019
Chile 1 0 1 1937 1937
Czechoslovakia[f] 0 1 1 1985 1985
Poland 0 1 1 2022 2022
Spain 0 1 1 1994 1994
 Switzerland 0 1 1 1997 1997

See also

[edit]

US Open other competitions

Grand Slam women's singles

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Known as the U.S. National Championships during the Amateur Era.[1][2]
  2. ^ The tournament entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition, allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs.[3][4]
  3. ^ The US Open specifically uses DecoTurf hard courts, categorized as a "Medium" speed surface by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).[5]
  4. ^ a b Each year is linked to an article about that particular event's draw.
  5. ^ The 1917 U.S. National Championships, taking place during World War I, were held as a National Patriotic Tournament awarding no prize to the winner.[15]
  6. ^ a b c Czechoslovakia (TCH, 1918–1992), evolved into Czech Republic (CZE, 1993–present) and Slovakia (SVK, 1993–present).
  7. ^ a b Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia, but competed as an American after the US Open in 1975, having sought asylum in the United States, which made her relinquish her Czechoslovakian citizenship.
  8. ^ a b c d FRG was West Germany, but after unification in 1990 became just Germany (GER).
  9. ^ a b FR Yugoslavia (YUG, 1992–2003) and Serbia and Montenegro (SCG, 2003–2006), evolved into Serbia (SRB, 2006–present) and Montenegro (MNE, 2006–present).
  10. ^ a b Although Sabalenka is from Belarus (BLR), she competed under no flag due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
  11. ^ Includes two wins by players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922).

References

[edit]
General
  • "History > Women's Singles Championships". usopen.org. IBM, United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
  • "US National/US Open Championships" (PDF). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
Specific
  1. ^ a b "History of the U.S. National Championships/US Open". usopen.org. IBM, United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "US National/US Open Championships" (PDF). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d e "History > Women's Singles Championships". usopen.org. IBM, United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  4. ^ a b "History > Year-by-Year History". usopen.org. United States Tennis Association (USTA). Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  5. ^ "List of Classified Court Surfaces". itftennis.com. ITF Licensing. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
  6. ^ "Tournament profile – US Open". atpworldtour.com. ATP Tour, Inc. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  7. ^ Fendrich, Howard (October 9, 2008). "Federer feels 'much better ... than I ever have'". USA Today. Associated Press (AP). Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  8. ^ "Elisabeth Holmes Moore HOF Page". International Tennis Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  9. ^ a b Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). [New York]: New Chapter Press. pp. 453, 465–468. ISBN 978-0942257700.
  10. ^ Ohnsorg, Roger W. (2011). Robert Lindley Murray: The Reluctant U.S. Tennis Champion; includes "The First Forty Years of American Tennis". Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4269-4514-4.
  11. ^ a b Axthelm, Pete; Talbert, William F. (1967). Tennis observed: The USLTA men's singles champions, 1881-1966. Barre Publishers.
  12. ^ "Breaking with tradition". The Age. January 25, 2004. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
  13. ^ Adams, Susan B. (August 30, 1998). "The U.S. Open: A Celebration – A Retrospective: The Men; Twin Pillars of Fire and Ice". The New York Times. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
  14. ^ a b "Past US Open Champions". Archived from the original on September 14, 2022.
  15. ^ Williams, Paul B.; Grupp, George W.; Ferris, John A. (1921). United States Lawn Tennis Association and the World War. United States National Lawn Tennis Association, Robert Hamilton company. OCLC 07888301. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
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