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?a?āba | |
|---|---|
 Muhammad and his companions (Ottoman era) | |
| Other names | Companions of the Prophet |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Islam |
| Muslim leader | |
| Period in office | Early Islamic period Late antiquity |
| Successor | Tabi'in |
The Companions of the Prophet (Arabic: ?????????????, romanized: a?-?a?āba, lit.?'the companions') were the Muslim disciples and followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime.[1] The companions played a major role in Muslim battles, society, hadith narration, and governance during and after the life of Muhammad. The era of the companions began following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, and ended in 110 AH (728 CE) when the last companion Abu al-Tufayl died.
Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other important matters in Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators (asānīd), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. From the traditions (hadith) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (sunnah), the code of conduct (sharia) it requires, and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).
The two largest Islamic denominations, the Sunni and Shia, take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different hadith collections and, as a result, have different views about the ?a?ābah.[2]
The second generation of Muslims after the ?a?āba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ?a?āba, are called Tābi'ūn (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the Tābi'ūn, who knew at least one Tābi, are called tabi' al-Tabi'in.[3] The three generations make up the salaf of Islam.
Etymology
[edit]The term sahaba means "companions" and derives from the verb ?????? meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with". "Al-?a?āba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine ?????????? (?a?ābiyy), feminine ???????????? (?a?ābiyyah).
Types
[edit]In Islam, companions of Muhammad are classified into categories including the Muhajirun who accompanied Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, the Ansar who lived in Medina, and the Badriyyun who fought at the Battle of Badr.[2][a][b][c]
Two important groups among the companions are the Muhajirun "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the Ansar, the people of Medina who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors.[d][e]
Lists of prominent companions usually include 50 or 60 names of the people thought to be most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad, and many of those names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as ibn Sa'd's early Book of the Major Classes. Al-Qurtubi's Istī?āb fī ma?rifat al-A?hāb (d. 1071 CE) consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ?a?ābah.
According to an observation in al-Qastallani's Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah, an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by the time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the Conquest of Mecca and 70,000 during the Expedition of Tabuk in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 pilgrims witnessed the Farewell Sermon Muhammad delivered after making Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca.[who?]
Definitions
[edit]Sunni
[edit]The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died a Muslim. The Sunni scholar ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 H) said,
The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahab? (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness.[4]
Anyone who died after rejecting Islam and becoming an apostate is not considered a companion. Those who saw Muhammad but held off believing in him until after his death are not considered ?ahābah, only tābi?ūn (if they saw the companions).
According to Sunni scholars, Muslims of the past should be considered companions if they had any contact with Muhammad, and they were not liars or opposed to him and his teachings. If they saw him, heard him, or were in his presence even briefly, they are companions. All companions are assumed to be just (?udul) unless proven otherwise; that is, Sunni scholars do not believe that companions would lie or fabricate hadith unless they are proven liars, untrustworthy or opposed to Islam.[5]
Some Quranic references are important to Sunni Muslim views of the reverence due to all companions;[6][7][8][9][10][11][f][g][h][i] It sometimes admonishes them, as when Aisha, wife of Muhammad and daughter of the first Sunni caliph Abu Bakr, was accused of infidelity.[j][k]
Differing views on the definition of a companion were also influenced by the debate between the Traditionalists and the Mu?tazila with the traditionalists preferring to extend the definition to as many people as possible and the Mu'tazilites preferring to restrict it.[12]
Shia
[edit]The Shia[13][14] as well as some modern-day Sunni scholars like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi follow a stricter definition, believing that not every Muslim who met Muhammad should be considered a companion. In their view, the Qur?an requires companions to demonstrate a high level of faith; thus, only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad should be considered, e.g., those that lived with him, took part in military campaigns, or proselytized.[15]
This stricter definition means that the Shia consider each ?a?ābiyy differently, depending on what they accomplished. They do not accept that the testimony of nearly all ?a?ābah are an authentic part of the chain of narrators for a hadith. The Shia further argue that the righteousness of ?a?ābah can be assessed by their loyalty towards Muhammad's family after his death, and they accept hadith from the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt, believing them to be cleansed from sin through their interpretation of the Qur?an[l] and the hadith of the Cloak.
Shia Muslims believe that some of the companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by Ali's family.[1] As verses 30-33 from Al-A?zāb, Shias believe their argument [where?] that one must discriminate between the virtues of the companions by verses relating to Muhammad's wives.[m] Therefore they believe Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Muawiya, Hafsa, Ayesha and Umm Habiba were all hypocrites.
Bahá?í Faith
[edit]The Bahá?í Faith recognizes the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in the Kitáb-i-íqán, the primary theological book of the Bahá?í religion.[16]
Hadith
[edit]Sunni views
[edit]According to the History of the Prophets and Kings, after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah and the An?ār of Medina held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Uthman, companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of the Banu Umayyah, selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other An?ār and Muhajirun accepted him.[17][18] Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above[n][o] shows ranks of ?a?ābah, tābi'īn, and tābi' at-tābi'īn. Al-Suyuti recognized eleven levels of companionship.
The general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad by the ?a?āba was highlighted by the third generation scholar named Ibn al-Mubarak, who was once asked to choose between Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who was a companion, and Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: "...dust particles in Mu'awiya's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..."[19]
Shia views
[edit]Following the consultation of companions about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members, the Ahl al-Bayt, and by the companions who supported Ali. The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Da'wat Dhu al-Ashira,[20] then many times during his prophethood and finally at the event of Ghadir Khumm.[21]
Shias consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ?a?ābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt.[22]
See also
[edit]- List of Sahabah
- List of non-Arab Sahabah
- The ten to whom Paradise was promised
- Apostles
- Apostles of Bahá?u'lláh
- Early Muslims
Notes
[edit]- ^ Qur'an, 3:103
- ^ Qur'an, 48:29
- ^ Qur'an, 8:72
- ^ Qur'an, 9: 100
- ^ Qur'an, 9: 117
- ^ Qur'an, 48:10
- ^ Qur'an, 8:74
- ^ Qur'an, 8:75
- ^ Qur'an, 57:10
- ^ Qur'an, 24:11–16..."Indeed, those who came with falsehood are a group among you. Do not think it bad for you; rather it is good for you. For every person among them is what [punishment] he has earned from the sin, and he who took upon himself the greater portion thereof – for him is a great punishment. Why, when you heard it ..."
- ^ Qur'an, 9:101 "And among those around you of the bedouins are hypocrites, and [also] from the people of Madinah. They have become accustomed to hypocrisy. You, [O Muhammad], do not know them, [but] We know them. We will punish them twice [in this world]; then they will be returned to a great punishment"
- ^ Qur'an, 33:33
- ^ Qur'an, 33:30–33
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:48:820
- ^ Sahih Muslim, 31:6150
References
[edit]- ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica (2008). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9.
- ^ a b "Companions of the Prophet". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ Esposito, John L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780195125597. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ Source: Al-Isabah (1/4-5) of al-Hafidh lbn Hajar.
- ^ Muhammad ibn Ahmad (died 1622), also known as "Ni?anc?zade", Mir'at-i kainat (in Turkish):
Once a male or female Muslim has seen Muhammad only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with the Prophet at least once. If a disbeliever sees Muhammad and then joins the Believers after the demise of Muhammad, he is not a Sahaba; nor is a person called a Sahaba if he converted to Islam afterward although he had seen Muhammad as a Muslim. A person who converts to Islam after being a Sahaba and then becomes a Believer again after the demise of Muhammad is a Sahaba.
- ^ "Sharh al-`Aqeedah at-Tahaawiyyah", by al-Tahawi, pp. 526–528.
- ^ "Al-I`tiqad `ala Madhhab al-Salaf Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`a", by Al-Bayhaqi, pp. 109–113.
- ^ "Al-Tajrid fi Asma' al-Sahaba", by Al-Dhahabi, p. 57.
- ^ Word Games With Verse 33:33 Archived 2025-08-07 at the Wayback Machine, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.
- ^ Mothers of the Believers, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.
- ^ Al-Ifk: Quran Defends Aisha, By: Ibn al-Hashimi.
- ^ Jabali, Fu'ad (2003). The Companions of the Prophet - A Study of Geographical Distribution and Political Alignments. Brill. p. 46. ISBN 978-90-04-12923-8.
- ^ Jabali, Fu'ad. "A STUDY OF THE COMPANIONS OF THE PROPHET: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRlBUTION AND POLITICAL ALIGNMENTS (1999)" (PDF). nlc-bnc.ca.
- ^ Taqi poor, Hussain. "reviewing of the article "Companions of the Prophet" authored by linda L. Kim". noormags.
- ^ Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation by Amin Ahsan Islahi.
- ^ Bahá'u'lláh (189x). The Kitáb-i-íqán (1989 pocket-size ed.). US Bahá?í Publishing Trust. Archived from the original on 2025-08-07. Retrieved 2025-08-07 – via Bahá'í Reference Library.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 566. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
- ^ Afsaruddin, Asma. "Companions of the Prophet (2008)". oxford islamic studies. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019.
- ^ Nur Baits, Ammi (10 March 2014). "Muawiyah, Gerbang Kehormatan Sahabat (2)" [Muawiyah, the Gate of Honor for Companions(2); quoting various sources including Al-Bidayah wa An-Nihayah, Ibnu Katsir, 8:139]. Muslimah.or.id. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ^ Burton, Sir Richard (1898). The Jew the Gypsy and El Islam. San Francisco.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims. p. 276.
- ^ Hadi, Muhammad. "Companions of the Prophet in view of Quran and Imams". noormags.
Further reading
[edit]- Osman, Amr, Companions, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014.
- Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi, Muhammad – The book of The Major Classes, only partially translated into English; see Men of Medina and Women of Medina published by Ta-Ha Publishers, and first two volumes as published by Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi.
- Wilferd Madelung – The Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Maxime Rodinson – Muhammad, 1961, as translated into English and published in 1980 by Pantheon Books.
- William Montgomery Watt – Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press 1956.
External links
[edit]
- List of Male Sahaba
- List of Female Sahaba
- Sahaba: Companions of the Prophet
- The Companions of the Prophet as seen by the Shi'a and the Sunnis
- Sermons of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali b. Abi Talib, from Nahj al-Balaghah
- Names of Sahabiyat
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