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Not to be confused with New feminism.

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Neofeminism describes a view of women as becoming empowered through actions and traits challenging what is perceived to be traditionally feminine. Neofeminism advocates for the autonomy of women in making decisions regarding their physical appearance, lifestyle choices, and sexual orientation. Neofeminism embraces intersectionality and challenges traditional gender norms and advocates that the gender binary is a social construct.

The term was often used in the early 21st century to refer to what critics derided as a "lipstick feminism" that confined women to stereotypical roles, negating the cultural freedoms women had gained through the second-wave feminism of the 1960s and 1970s in particular.

Origins

The term has been used since the beginning of second-wave feminism to refer broadly to any recent manifestation of feminist activism, mainly to distinguish it from the first-wave feminism of the suffragettes. It was used in the title of a best-selling 1982 book by Jacques J. Zephire about French feminist Simone de Beauvoir, Le Neo-Feminisme de Simone de Beauvoir (Paris: Denoel/Gonthier 9782282202945). Zephir used the term to differentiate de Beauvoir's views from writers described as "Neofeminist", such as literary theorist Luce Irigaray, who indicated in her own writing that women had an essentialist femininity that could express itself in écriture féminine (feminine writing/language), among other ways. Céline T. Léon has written, "one can only identify the existentialist's [de Beauvoir's] glorification of transcendence with the type of feminism that Luce Irigaray denounces in Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un: "Woman simply equal to men would be like them and therefore not women"."

De Beauvoir's views were quite the opposite:

Over and against the neofeminists' attempts at getting rid of phallogocentrism and creating a new [feminine] writing style, she denounces as a contradiction this imprisonment of women in a ghetto of difference/singularity: "I consider it almost antifeminist to say that there is a feminine nature which expresses itself differently, that a woman speaks her body more than a man."

Later writers and popular culture commentators appear to have continued this use of the term to describe essentialist feminism. It has been used by sociologists to describe a new popular culture movement that "celebrates both the feminine body and women's political achievements":

Women do and should realize their autonomy through their femininity in its "Elle magazine form" (Chollet 2004). Neofeminism champions the free choice of women in appearance, lifestyle, and sexuality. This consumerist orientation retains the advances of legal equality in political space but urges women to celebrate their femininity in their personal lives, a category that includes careers, clothing, and sexuality.

Some have accused this thought current as being female chauvinism, trying to manipulate people's behaviours and attitudes towards life.

Other uses

The term has also been equated with the new feminism described by Pope John Paul II.

The feminist film scholar Hilary Radner has used the term neofeminism to characterize the iteration of feminism advocated by Hollywood's spate of romantic comedies inaugurated by Pretty Woman (Gary Marshall, 1990) often described as postfeminist. Radner argues that the origins of neofeminism can be traced back to figures such as Helen Gurley Brown writing in the 1960s, meaning that the term postfeminism (suggesting that these ideas emerged after second-wave feminism) is potentially misleading.

See also

• Anti-abortion feminism
• Difference feminism
• Equity feminism
• French feminism
• Gaze
• Objectification
• Postgenderism
• Sociology of the family § Sociology of motherhood